Desmond Tutu, the cleric who used his pulpit and spirited oratory to help bring down apartheid in South Africa and then became the leading advocate of peaceful reconciliation under Black majority rule, died Sunday in Cape Town. He was 90.

周日，牧师德斯蒙德·图图在开普敦去世，享年90岁。他用讲道坛和充满活力的演说帮助推翻了南非的种族隔离，而后成为黑人多数统治下和平和解的主要倡导者。

His death was confirmed by the office of South Africa’s president, Cyril Ramaphosa, who called the archbishop “a leader of principle and pragmatism who gave meaning to the biblical insight that faith without works is dead.”

南非总统西里尔·拉马福萨的办公室证实了图图去世的消息，他称这位大主教是“一位坚持原则和务实的领袖，为‘没有行为的信仰是死的信仰’这一圣经真知赋予了涵义”。

The cause of death was cancer, the Desmond and Leah Tutu Legacy Foundation said, adding that Tutu had died in a care facility. He was first diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1997 and was hospitalized several times in the years since, amid recurring fears that the disease had spread.

德斯蒙德与利亚·图图遗产基金会表示，图图死于癌症，去世时在一家护理机构。他于1997年首次被诊断出患有前列腺癌，此后几年里反复住院，多次担心癌细胞已经扩散。

As leader of the South African Council of Churches and later as Anglican archbishop of Cape Town, Tutu led the church to the forefront of Black South Africans’ decadeslong struggle for freedom. His voice was a powerful force for nonviolence in the anti-apartheid movement, earning him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1984.

作为南非教会理事会的领导人以及后来的开普敦圣公会大主教，图图带领教会站在了南非黑人长达数十年的自由抗争的最前沿。在反种族隔离非暴力运动中，他的声音是一股强大的力量，为他赢得了1984年的诺贝尔和平奖。

When that movement triumphed in the early 1990s, he prodded the country toward a new relationship between its white and Black citizens, and, as chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, he gathered testimony documenting the viciousness of apartheid.

当这场运动在1990年代初取得胜利时，他推动南非重新建立白人和黑人国民之间的关系，此外，作为真相与和解委员会的主席，他还收集了记录种族隔离罪恶的证词。

“You are overwhelmed by the extent of evil,” he said.

他说：“那是一种令人难以承受的邪恶。”

But, he added, it was necessary to open the wound to cleanse it. In return for an honest accounting of past crimes, the committee offered amnesty, establishing what Tutu called the principle of restorative — rather than retributive — justice.

但是，他还说，有必要揭开伤口来清洁它。为了换取人们诚实叙述过去的罪行，委员会对他们给予大赦，确立了图图所说的修复性正义，而不是报复性正义的原则。

But as much as he had inveighed against the apartheid-era leadership, he displayed equal disapproval of leading figures in the dominant African National Congress, which came to power under Nelson Mandela in the first fully democratic elections in 1994.

虽然他对种族隔离时代的领导层进行了猛烈抨击，但他同样对占主导地位的非洲人国民大会的领导人物表示反对。在1994年第一次完全民主的选举中，非国大在纳尔逊·曼德拉的领导下上台。

In 2004, the archbishop accused President Thabo Mbeki, Mandela’s successor, of pursuing policies that enriched a tiny elite while “many, too many, of our people live in grueling, demeaning, dehumanizing poverty.”

2004年，大主教指责曼德拉的继任者塔博·姆贝基总统推行的政策使一小撮精英富裕起来，而“我们许多人、太多人，生活在艰苦、有辱人格、毫无尊严的贫困中”。

Although he and Mbeki later reconciled, the archbishop remained unhappy about the state of affairs in his country under its next president, Jacob Zuma.

尽管他与姆贝基后来和解，但大主教仍然对下一任总统雅各布·祖马领导下的国事感到不满。

Then, in 2011, as critics accused the African National Congress of corruption and mismanagement, Tutu again assailed the government, this time in terms that would have once been unimaginable.

然后，在2011年，当批评者指责非国大腐败且管理不善时，图图再次抨击政府，使用了曾经难以想象的措辞。

“This government, our government, is worse than the apartheid government,” he said, “because at least you were expecting it with the apartheid government.”

“这个政府，我们的政府，比种族隔离政府还要糟糕，”他说，“因为在种族隔离政府统治下，糟糕至少是意料之中的。”

In early 2018, Zuma was ousted after a power struggle with his deputy, Ramaphosa, who took over the presidency in February of that year.

在2018年初，祖马在与副手拉马福萨发生权力斗争后被罢免，同年2月，拉马福萨接任总统职位。

For much of his life, Tutu was a spellbinding preacher, his voice by turns sonorous and high-pitched. He often descended from the pulpit to embrace his parishioners. Occasionally he would break into a pixielike dance in the aisles, punctuating his message with the wit and the chuckling that became his hallmark, inviting his audience into a jubilant bond of fellowship. While assuring his parishioners of God’s love, he exhorted them to follow the path of nonviolence in their struggle.

在他一生的大部分时间里，图图都是一位魅力非凡的布道者，他的声音时而铿锵时而高亢。他经常从讲台上下来拥抱他的教民。偶尔，他会在教堂过道上跳起小精灵般的舞蹈，用机智和笑声来强调他的主旨，这成为了他的标志，吸引观众进入欢乐的团契关系。他向教民保证上帝的爱，同时劝告他们在抗争中选择非暴力之路。

Politics were inherent in his religious teachings.

政治自然而然地存在于他的宗教教义中。

“We had the land, and they had the Bible,” he said in one of his parables. “Then they said, ‘Let us pray,’ and we closed our eyes. When we opened them again, they had the land, and we had the Bible. Maybe we got the better end of the deal.”

“我们拥有土地，他们拥有圣经，”他在他的一个寓言中说。“接着，他们说，‘让我们祈祷吧’，然后我们闭上了眼睛。当我们再次睁开眼时，他们拥有土地，而我们拥有圣经。或许我们的收获更大。”

Although Tutu, like other Black South Africans of his era, had suffered through the horrors and indignities of apartheid, he did not allow himself to hate his enemies. When he was young, he said, he was fortunate in the white priests that he knew, and throughout the long struggle against apartheid he remained an optimist.

尽管图图和他那个时代的其他南非黑人一样，经历了种族隔离的恐怖和侮辱，但他没有让自己憎恨他的敌人。他说，幸运的是，在年轻时结识了善待他的白人牧师，并且在与种族隔离的长期斗争中，他始终保持乐观。

“Justice, goodness, love, compassion must prevail,” he said during a visit to New York in 1990. “Freedom is breaking out. Freedom is coming.”

“正义、善良、爱、同情必将胜利，”他在1990年访问纽约时说。“自由正在冲出重围。自由即将来临。”

In 1989, after President F.W. de Klerk had at last started to dismantle apartheid, Tutu stepped aside, handing the leadership of the struggle back to Mandela on his release from prison in 1990.

1989年，F·W·德克勒克总统终于开始废除种族隔离制度，在曼德拉于1990年出狱后，图图让位，将斗争的领导权交还给曼德拉。

But Tutu did not stay entirely out of the nation’s business.

但图图并没有完全置身于国家事务之外。

“We’ve struggled to get these guys where they are, and we’re not going to let them fail,” he said. “We didn’t swallow all that tear gas, and be chased around and be sent to jail and into exile and killed, for failure.”

“我们一直在努力让这些人到达他们所在的位置，我们不会让他们失败，”他说。“我们咽下那么多催泪瓦斯，被追赶、被送进监狱、被流放和被杀，不是为了失败。”

Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born Oct. 7, 1931, in Klerksdorp, on the Witwatersrand in what is now the North West province of South Africa. His mother, Aletha, was a domestic worker; his father, Zachariah, taught at a Methodist school. The young Desmond was baptized a Methodist, but the entire family later joined the Anglican Church. When he was 12 the family moved to Johannesburg, where his mother found work as a cook in a school for the blind.

德斯蒙德·姆皮洛·图图于1931年10月7日出生在南非的威特沃特斯兰德，即现在的西北省。他的母亲阿莱莎是一名家政工人。他的父亲撒迦利亚在卫理公会学校任教。小戴斯蒙德接受了卫理公会的洗礼，但全家后来都加入了圣公会。12岁时，全家搬到约翰内斯堡，他的母亲在那里找到一份在盲人学校做厨师的工作。

While he never forgot his father’s shame when a white policeman called him “boy” in front of his son, he was even more deeply affected when a white man in a priest’s robe tipped his hat to his mother, he said.

曾有一名白人警察在他面前称他父亲为“小子”，他从未忘记父亲的耻辱，但当一名身穿牧师长袍的白人男子向他的母亲摘帽致敬时，对他的触动更加深刻。

The white man was the Rev. Trevor Huddleston, a prominent campaigner against apartheid. When Desmond was hospitalized with tuberculosis, Huddleston visited him almost every day.

这位白人是特雷弗·哈德尔斯顿牧师，他是一位著名的反对种族隔离制度的活动家。当戴斯蒙德因肺结核住院时，赫德尔斯顿几乎每天都来看他。

After his recovery, Tutu wanted to become a doctor, but his family could not afford the school fees. Instead he became a teacher, studying at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College and earning a bachelor’s degree from the University of South Africa. He taught high school for three years but resigned to protest the Bantu Education Act, which lowered education standards for Black students.

康复后的图图想成为一名医生，但家里负担不起学费。他转而成为了一名教师，在比勒陀利亚·班图师范学院学习，并获得了南非大学的学士学位。他在高中授课三年后辞职以抗议《班图教育法》，该法降低了黑人学生的教育标准。

By then he was married to Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a major influence in his life. She survives him, as do their four children: a son, Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu; and three daughters, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Tutu van Furth; as well as seven grandchildren.

此时他已结婚，妻子诺马利佐·利亚·申克珊对他的人生有着重大影响。他在世的亲人包括她和他们的四个孩子：儿子特雷弗·塔姆桑卡·图图；和三个女儿，特蕾莎·坦迪卡·图图、娜奥米·诺通比·图图、姆弗·图图范·弗斯；以及七个孙辈。

Desmond Tutu turned to the ministry, he said, because he thought it could provide “a likely means of service.” He studied at St. Peter’s Theological College in Johannesburg and was ordained an Anglican priest at St. Mary’s Cathedral in December 1961.

德斯蒙德·图图说，他担任牧职是因为他认为这“有希望能够服务他人”。他就读于约翰内斯堡的圣彼得神学院，并于1961年12月在圣玛丽大教堂被任命为圣公会牧师。

After serving in local churches, he studied in England, where he earned a bachelor of divinity degree and a master’s in theology from King’s College in London. When he returned to South Africa he was a lecturer, and from 1972 to 1975 he served as associate director of the Theological Education Fund.

在服务当地数间教堂之后，他前往英国学习，获得了伦敦国王学院的神学学士和硕士学位。回到南非后，他成为一名讲师，1972年至1975年担任神学教育基金会副理事长。

He was named Anglican dean of Johannesburg in 1975 and consecrated bishop of Lesotho the next year. In 1978 he became the first Black general secretary of the South African Council of Churches and began to establish the organization as a major force in the movement against apartheid.

1975年，他被任命为约翰尼斯堡圣公会牧正，次年被任命为莱索托的主教。1978年，他成为南非教会理事会的第一位黑人秘书长，并开始将该组织打造为反对种族隔离运动的一支主要力量。

A month after he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, Tutu became the first Anglican bishop of Johannesburg when the national church hierarchy intervened to break a deadlock between Black and white electors. He was named archbishop of Cape Town in 1986, becoming spiritual head of the country’s 1.5 million Anglicans, 80% of whom were Black.

在1984年被授予诺贝尔和平奖一个月后，图图成为约翰内斯堡第一位圣公会黑人主教，当时国家教会高层进行了干预，打破了黑人和白人选举人之间的僵局。1986年，他被任命为开普敦大主教，成为南非150万圣公会教徒的精神领袖，其中80%是黑人。

He preached forbearance, but, as he insisted to The Christian Century magazine in 1980, “I am a man of peace, but not a pacifist.”

他宣扬宽容，但正如他在1980年对《基督教世纪》杂志所坚称的那样，“我是一个爱好和平的人，但不是一个和平主义者。”

“I will never tell someone to pick up a gun,” he said in another interview “But I will pray for the man who picks up the gun, pray that he will be less cruel than he might otherwise have been, because he is a member of the community. We are going to have to decide: If this civil war escalates, what is our ministry going to be?”

“我永远不会让别人拿起枪，”他在另一次采访中说，“但我会为拿起枪的人祈祷，祈祷他不会变得那么残忍，因为他是社区的一员。我们将不得不决定：如果这场内战升级，我们牧师的职责是什么？”

On his frequent trips abroad during the apartheid era, Tutu never stopped pressing the case for sanctions against South Africa. The government struck back and twice revoked his passport, forcing him to travel with a document that described his citizenship as “undetermined.”

在种族隔离时代，图图经常出国访问，而且从未停止呼吁对南非实施制裁。政府进行了反击，两次吊销他的护照，迫使他带着一份标明公民身份“待定”的文件旅行。

But as the author of a 1999 book titled “No Future Without Forgiveness,” he was generous in forgiving his enemies, and when the de Klerk government took steps in 1989 toward ending apartheid, Tutu was among the first to welcome the prospect of change.

但作为《没有宽恕就没有未来》（1999年）一书的作者，他宽宏大量地原谅了自己的敌人，当德克勒克政府在1989年采取措施结束种族隔离时，图图是最早一批对变革前景表示看好的人。

“An extraordinary thing has happened in South Africa,” he said in 1990, “and it is undoubtedly due to the courage of President de Klerk. We’ve got someone here who is greater than we expected. At some points we had to pinch ourselves to be sure we were seeing what we were seeing.”

“南非发生了一件非同寻常的事情，”他在1990年说，“这无疑要归功于德克勒克总统的勇气。我们这里有一个比我们预想的更伟大的人。在某些时候，我们不得不捏一下自己，确定自己不是在做梦。”

Still, when the Truth and Reconciliation Commission issued its final findings in 2003, Tutu’s imprint was plain. It warned the government against issuing a blanket amnesty to perpetrators of the crimes of apartheid and urged businesses to join with the government in delivering reparations to the millions of Black people victimized by the former white minority government.

然而，当真相与和解委员会在2003年发布最终调查结果时，图图的影响显而易见。它警告政府不要对犯下种族隔离罪行的人进行全面大赦，并敦促企业与政府一起，向前白人少数政府伤害的数百万黑人提供赔偿。

The report further said that de Klerk had knowingly withheld information from the commission about state-sponsored violations, and it reiterated charges against the Zulu-based Inkatha Freedom Party, South Africa’s second-largest Black party, accusing it of having collaborated with white supremacists in the massacre of hundreds of people in the early 1990s.

报告还说，德克勒克故意向委员会隐瞒了有关国家支持的侵犯人权行为的信息，并重申了对总部设在祖鲁的南非第二大黑人政党因卡塔自由党的指控，指控该党在20世纪90年代初与白人至上主义者勾结，屠杀了数百人。